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Diagnostic Tests

Diagnostic tests can be incredibly complicated, but it's important to understand which ones matter most, how often you should get them, and how to interpret them to achieve your goals.

Comprehensive Biomarker Reference Ranges

Lipids

  • LDL Cholesterol (LDL-C)
    • Optimal: < 70 mg/dL for men, < 70 mg/dL for women
  • HDL Cholesterol (HDL-C)
    • Optimal: > 50 mg/dL for both men and women
  • Triglycerides
    • Optimal: < 100 mg/dL for men, < 100 mg/dL for women
  • Non-HDL-C
    • Optimal: < 80 mg/dL for both men and women
  • VLDL-C
    • Optimal: < 15 mg/dL for both men and women
  • TG/HDL-C
    • Optimal: < 2.0 for both men and women
  • Total Cholesterol
    • No specific range provided

Lipoproteins

  • Lp(a)
    • Optimal: < 30 mg/dL for both men and women
  • Apolipoprotein B (ApoB)
    • Optimal: < 65 mg/dL for both men and women
  • Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)
    • No specific range provided

Inflammation

  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP)
    • Optimal: < 1 mg/dL for both men and women
  • Homocysteine
    • Optimal: < 9 µmol/L for both men and women
  • Uric Acid
    • Optimal: < 5 mg/dL for both men and women

Metabolic

  • Fasting Glucose
    • Optimal: 65–79 mg/dL for men, 70-99 mg/dL for women
  • Fasting Insulin
    • Optimal: < 6 µIU/mL for both men and women
  • OGTT (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
    • Glucose: < 140 @ 30'; < 120 @ 60'; < 100 @ 90'
    • Insulin: < 40 @ 30'; < 30 @ 60'; < 2 0 @ 90' for both men and women
  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
    • Optimal: 5.7% for men, < 5.7% for women

Sterols

  • Campesterol
    • Optimal: 2.20 - 4.44 mg/L for men, < 4.44 mg/L for women
  • Sitosterol
    • Optimal: 1.55 - 3.00 mg/L for both men and women
  • Lathosterol
    • Optimal: 0.85 - 2.45 mg/L for both men and women
  • Desmosterol
    • Optimal: 0.85 - 1.45 mg/L for both men and women

Thyroid

  • TSH
    • Optimal: 0.27 - 4.2 µIU/mL for both men and women
  • Free T4 (fT4)
    • Optimal: 0.93 - 1.70 ng/dL for both men and women
  • Free T3 (fT3)
    • Optimal: 2.8 - 4.0 pg/mL for both men and women
  • Reverse T3 (rT3)
    • Optimal: < 12 ng/dL for both men and women
  • Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies (ATA)
    • Optimal: < 1 ng/mL for both men and women
  • Anti-Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (ATPA)
    • Optimal: < 34 IU/mL for both men and women

Sex Hormones

  • Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)
    • Optimal: < 60 nmol/L for men, 20 - 100 nmol/L for women
  • Testosterone
    • Optimal: No specific range provided
  • Free Testosterone
    • Optimal: No specific range provided
  • Estradiol
    • Optimal: Standard range for men, 50 - 400 pg/mL for women
  • FSH
    • Optimal: 1.5 - 12.4 mIU/mL for men, variable for women
  • LH
    • Optimal: 1.7 - 8.6 mIU/mL for men, variable for women
  • PSA
    • Optimal: < 0.45 ng/mL for men, not applicable for women

Liver

  • Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
    • Optimal: < 25 U/L for men, < 20 U/L for women
  • Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
    • Optimal: < 25 U/L for men, < 20 U/L for women
  • Total Bilirubin
    • Optimal: < 1.2 mg/dL for both men and women

Kidney

  • Cystatin C
    • Optimal: < 1.0 mg/L for both men and women
  • Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) - Cystatin C
    • Optimal: > 90 mL/min/1.73m² for both men and women

Other

  • Hemoglobin (Hb)
    • Optimal: 13.5 - 17.5 g/dL for both men and women
  • Ferritin
    • Optimal: 30 - 400 µg/L for both men and women
  • Omega-3 (OmegaQuant)
    • Optimal: > 10% for both men and women
  • Vitamin D
    • Optimal: 30 - 80 ng/ml for both men and women

Please note that these are general reference ranges and may not apply to every individual. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized interpretation and advice.